Efficiency in agricultural production is indicative of the efficiency level of farm households in their farming activities. Farmers in developing countries do not make use of all the potential technological resources, thus making inefficient decisions in their agricultural activities. Herein, technical efficiency in relation with the production of three types of rice crop (Boro, Aus and Aman) was evaluated, with some determinants of technical efficiency identified, in Bangladesh. It was attempted, throughout this study, to access the status of technical efficiency in rice production in Bangladesh for panel data while using the Stochastic Frontier Production Model with either of truncated normal or half-normal distributional assumptions. Both time-variant and time-invariant inefficiency effects models were estimated, one at a time. Collected data from agricultural sector pertaining to three main rice crops in Bangladesh for the period of 1980 to 2008 were made used of throughout the study. The results revealed that technical efficiency gradually increased over the reference period with the half normal distribution being found preferable to the truncated normal distribution as regards the technical inefficiency effects. The value of technical efficiency was found high for Boro rice while low for Aus in comparison with Aman rice in Bangladesh for both distributions in either of time-variant or invariant ones. It was observed that the most efficient rice production system has occurred for the case of Boro with a technical efficiency of 0.98. Year wise mean technical efficiency increased during the reference time periods.

By constructing specific examples it is shown that the generally held views about (a) the connection between symmetry and degeneracy (b) the degeneracy of the ground state (c) the number of nodes of the wavefunction (d) invariances and conservation laws and (e) the relation between quantum and classical degeneracies are not always true. In addition it is observed that the separability of the wavefunction in more than one coordinate system is not a necessary condition for the presence of the accidental degeneracy. Other assumptions regarding the nonuniqueness of the ordering of operators, quantizable classical system, determination of the wavefunction and the minimal coupling rule for the motion of a charged particle in an external electromagnetic field are all questioned.

Fracture mechanics approach is to assess the process of crack propagation in a known stress field. The amount of material strength against the crack propagation is named fracture toughness. In this research, different cracked samples are used to determine the fracture toughness of different rocks. The methods proposed by ISRM (International Society for Rock Mechanics) are two tests, i.e. three point bend test and short rod. The present research is based on the three point bent test. Also, in these tests two levels are utilized, 1-load control 2-displacement control, but in the present tests the level I is chosen for two types of rocks.